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数控机床的故障诊断方法

发布时间:2013-08-08

介绍数控机床故障的几种诊断方法: 直观检查法、功能程序测试法、试探交换法、参数检查法、测量比较法

1. 直观检查法
它是维修人员最先使用的方法,即在故障诊断时,由外向内逐一进行观察检查。特别要注意观察电路板的元器件及线路是否有烧伤、裂痕等现象、电路板上是否有短路、断路,芯片接触不良等现象,对于已维修过的电路板,更要注意有无缺件、错件及断线等情况。
2. 功能程序测试法
功能程序测试法是将数控系统的G、M、S、T、F功能用编程法编成一个功能试验程序,并存储在相应的介质上,如纸带和磁带等。在故障诊断时运行这个程序,可快速判定故障发生的可能起因。
功能程序测试法常应用于以下场合
机床加工造成废品而一时无法确定是编程操作不当、还是数控系统故障引起
数控系统出现随机性故障。一时难以区别是外来干扰,还是系统稳定性不好
闲置时间较长的数控机床在投入使用前或对数控机床进行定期检修时
3. 试探交换法
即在分析出故障大致起因的情况下,维修人员可以利用备用的印刷电路板、集成电路芯片或元器件替换有疑点的部分,从而把故障范围缩小到印刷线路板或芯片一级。
采用此法之前要注意备用板的设定状态与原板的状态是否完全一致,这包括检查板上的选择开关、短路棒的设定位置以及电位器的位置。一般不要轻易更放CPU板及存储器板,否则有可能造成程序和机床参数的丢失,造成故障的扩大;若是EPROM板或EPROM芯片,请注意存储器芯片上贴的软件版本标签是否与原板完全一致,若不一致,则不能更换。
4. 参数检查法
发生故障时应及时核对系统参数,参数一般存放在磁泡存储器或存放在需由电池保持的CMOS RAM中,一旦电池不足或由于外界的干扰等因素,使个别参数丢失或变化,发生混乱,使机床无法正常工作。此时,可通过核对、修正参数,将故障排除。
5. 测量比较法
CNC系统生产厂在设计印刷线路板时,为了调整和维修方便,在印刷线路板上设计了一些检测量端子。维修人员通过检测这些测量端子的电压或波形,可检查有关电路的工作状态是否正常。但利用检测端子进行测量之前,应先熟悉这些检测端子的作用及有关部分的电路或逻辑关系。
除以上常用的故障检测方法之外,还可以采用敲击法检查是否虚焊或接触不良等。总之,按照不同的故障现象,可以同时选用几个方法灵活应用、综合分析,才能逐步缩小故障范围,较快地排除故障。



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